Internacional

Qué entendemos por conflictos “congelados”Un conflicto se considera “congelado” cuando la violencia abierta se detiene o disminuye de forma notable, pero aún no se alcanza una salida política consensuada que permita recuperar la normalidad institucional y el dominio del territorio. El conflicto permanece activo en segundo plano: límites sin reconocimiento oficial, fuerzas desplegadas en la línea de contacto, poblaciones desplazadas y una calma precaria que puede romperse en cualquier instante.Mecanismos que originan y mantienen la congelaciónEstancamiento militar: tras combates intensos, las fuerzas contendientes terminan consolidando una línea de frente fija, y un alto el fuego frena cualquier triunfo concluyente, transformando…

La gobernanza internacional de la inteligencia artificial (IA) reúne a gobiernos, organizaciones internacionales, empresas, academia y sociedad civil para definir reglas, normas y mecanismos que orienten el desarrollo y uso de estas tecnologías. Los debates combinan cuestiones técnicas, éticas, económicas, de seguridad y geopolíticas. A continuación se presentan los temas centrales, ejemplos concretos y mecanismos que se proponen o aplican en distintos foros.Amenazas para la seguridad y la integridadLa atención dedicada a la seguridad abarca errores involuntarios, usos malintencionados y repercusiones estratégicas de gran alcance. Entre los aspectos esenciales se encuentran:Riesgos sistémicos: la posibilidad de que modelos extremadamente avanzados se…

Democratic stability rests on citizens who stay well-informed, institutions that earn public confidence, a common set of debated yet broadly accepted facts, and orderly transfers of power. Information manipulation — the intentional crafting, twisting, magnifying, or withholding of content to sway public attitudes or actions — steadily eats away at these pillars. It undermines them not only by circulating inaccuracies, but also by altering incentives, weakening trust, and turning public attention into a strategic tool. The threat operates systemically, leading to compromised elections, polarized societies, diminished accountability, and conditions that allow violence and authoritarian tendencies to take hold.The way information…

Bulgaria’s Nickolay Mladenov, a seasoned diplomat, has taken on one of the most challenging assignments of his career: overseeing the delicate implementation of a US-brokered plan to stabilize Gaza and guide its administration. His experience, relationships, and reputation will all be tested as he navigates the complex political terrain of the region.Mladenov’s path to this moment has unfolded over several decades of diplomatic work. In the early stages of his career, he assumed prominent roles within Bulgaria’s government, serving as defense minister at 37 and later taking on the position of foreign minister. His global portfolio broadened through his service…

Essential infrastructure such as power grids, water treatment facilities, transportation networks, healthcare systems, and telecommunications forms the backbone of contemporary society, and when digital assaults target these assets, they can interrupt essential services, put lives at risk, and trigger severe economic losses. Safeguarding them effectively calls for a balanced combination of technical measures, strong governance, skilled personnel, and coordinated public‑private efforts designed for both IT and operational technology (OT) contexts.Risk Environment and ConsequencesDigital risks to infrastructure span ransomware, destructive malware, supply chain breaches, insider abuse, and precision attacks on control systems, and high-profile incidents underscore how serious these threats can…